Class- X
History Chapter-1
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
Frederic
Sorrieu’ dream on Nationalism
1. In
1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints
visualising his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’.
2. It
shows that the peoples of Europe and America marching in a long train, and
offering homage to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it.
3. In the foreground of the image lie the
shattered remains of the symbols of absolutist institutions (Palace ,
large prisons etc) .
4. United States and Switzerland became nation-states
( united territory under one rule). France has just reached the statue.
5. Following the French people, Germany, Austria,
Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary and Russia are marching in the long train.
6. From
the heavens above, Christ, saints and angels bless the people.
Nation-state
Nation-state was one in which the
majority of its citizens came to develop a sense of common identity( culture,
language, dress, food) and shared history.
The French
revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices that could create a
sense of collective identity amongst the French people.
1. The ideas of la patrie (the
fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a
united community enjoying equal rights under a new constitution.
2. A
new French flag with blue, red and white colours was chosen to replace the
former royal standard.
3. The
Estates General was renamed as the National Assembly and its members were
elected.
4. New hymns were composed, oaths taken and
martyrs commemorated, all in the name of the nation.
5. A
centralized administrative system was put in place and it formulated uniform
laws for all citizens.
6. Internal
customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and
measures was adopted.
7. Regional
dialects were discouraged and French became the National language of the
nation.
Marseillaise
1.
Marseillaise was a song composed
by the poet Roget de L Isle
2.
It was sung for the first
time by volunteers from Marseilles( town) as they marched into Paris and
so got its name.
3.
The Marseillaise is now
the national anthem of France
Napoleon
introduced various reforms in France
1. Napoleon had destroyed democracy in France and
reintroduced Monarchy.
2. In the administrative field he had incorporated
revolutionary principles in order to make the whole system more rational and
efficient.
3. The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the
Napoleonic Code was introduced.
4. The Civil Code did away with all privileges
based on birth.
5. The Civil Code established equality among all
the citizens before the law
6. The
Civil Code secured the right to property.
Napoleon
introduced various reforms in the territories that came under his control
1. The Civil
Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code was exported to the regions
which came under French control.
2. In
Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified administration,
abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
3. In
the towns guild( Traders union) restrictions were removed. Transport and
communication systems were improved.
4. Peasants,
artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new-found freedom.
5. He
introduced uniform laws, standardised weights and measures, and a common
national currency was also introduced.
What were
the mixed reactions of the local populations to Napoleonic rule or French rule
in the territories ruled by Napoleon?
1. Initially, in Holland, Switzerland, Belgium,
Germany, Italy and Poland, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of
liberty.
2. But the initial enthusiasm soon turned to
hostility, as it became clear that the new administrative arrangements did not go
hand in hand with political freedom.
3. Because Napoleon increased taxation in these
regions.
4. Napoleon introduced censorship
5. Napoleon
also introduced forced recruitment of people into the French armies for
conquering the rest of Europe.
The
Habsburg Empire that ruled over Austria-Hungary was a patchwork of many
different regions and peoples- Discuss
1. Austria-Hungary included the Alpine regions,
Tyrol, Austria, Sudetenland and Bohemia where the aristocracy was mostly German-speaking.
2. Austria-Hungary
also included the Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and
Venetia.
3. In
Hungary, half of the population spoke Magyar while the other half
spoke a variety of dialects.
4. In
Galicia, the aristocracy spoke Polish
language.
5. Besides
these three dominant groups, Bohemians, Slovaks, Slovenes and Roumans also
lived there.
How did
nationalism and the idea of the nation-state emerge in Europe?
a) Growth of New Middle Class
1. In Western and Central Europe development of industries and trade led to the growth of
towns and cities.
2. This
led to the emergence of commercial classes and new social groups such as middle
class. (Middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen,
professionals)
3. The
liberal middle classes developed ideas of national unity by abolishing
aristocratic privileges based on birth..
b) Liberal Nationalism
1. The term ‘liberalism’ derived from the Latin word liber,
meaning free.
2.
Socially, liberalism stood for freedom of individual and
equality of before the law.
3. Politically, liberalism emphasised the
end of autocracy, end of privileges based on birth, a written constitution and
democratic government through parliament.
4. Economically,
liberalism stood for the freedom of markets, abolition of customs duties,
uniform currency, uniform weights and measures for free movement of goods and
capital.
c) New Conservatism
1. Conservatism – A political
philosophy that stressed the importance of old traditions like monarchy, bureaucracy
, Church, social hierarchies etc should be preserved and practiced.
2. New Conservatism – A political idea
that establishment of strong monarchy, modern army, bureaucracy, a dynamic
economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocracies
in Europe.
3. In 1815, representatives of Britain, Russia, Prussia
and Austria – who had collectively defeated Napoleon, met at Vienna to draw up
a settlement for Europe. (The Congress( meeting) was hosted by the Austrian
Chancellor Duke Metternich.)
They made Treaty of Vienna of 1815 with the object of undoing(
taking back) most of the changes introduced by Napoleon.
a. The Bourbon dynasty, which
had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to power in France.
b. France lost the territories it
had annexed under Napoleon.
c. A series of states were set up on
the boundaries of France to prevent French expansion in future.
d. Thus the kingdom of the
Netherlands in the north and Piedmont in the south were setup.
e. Prussia was given important new
territories on its western frontiers, while Austria was given control of
northern Italy and Russia was given a part of Poland.
f. But the German confederation of
39 states that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.
e) The Revolutionaries
1. After 1815, many Secret societies were set up
to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas in Europe.
2. To be a revolutionary one has to have a
commitment to oppose monarchical forms, fight for liberty and freedom. Most
of these revolutionaries also saw the creation of nation-state as a
necessary part of this struggle for freedom.
3. Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini was born
in Genoa in 1807and became a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. He
was sent into exile in1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
4. He subsequently founded two Secret Societies-
Young Italy in Marseilles and Young Europe in Berne.
5. Mazzini
believed that Italy to be unified and this unification alone could be the basis
of Italian liberty. (Metternich described Giuseppe Mazziini as ‘the most
dangerous enemy of our social order)
Period
from1830-1848 was described as the Age of Revolutions (1830s were the years of great economic hardship in Europe)
1. The first upheaval took place in France
in July 1830. The Bourbon kings, who had been restored to power after 1815,
were overthrown by revolutionaries and Louis Philippe became head of constitutional
monarchy.
2. An uprising broke out in Brussels( now it is
the capital of Belgium) which led to Belgium breaking away
from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
3. Greece was a part of the Ottoman
Empire and a struggle for independence began in 1821 and it got support from
other Greeks living in exile. The Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized
Greece as an independent nation. (This is called Greek War of Independence)
4. Earlier, in 1845, weavers of Silesia had
led a revolt against contractors for low wages by marching to contractors
houses. Weavers attacked contractor’s houses and destroyed their properties.
(The year 1848 is described in History as the revolution
of liberals)
1.
In 1848 food shortages and wide spread unemployment
brought the population of Paris out on the roads. Louis Philippe (head of the
government from 1830 to1848 in France) was forced to flee.
2.
A National Assembly proclaimed that France is
a Republic, granted right to vote to all adult males above 21.
3.
On May 18 (1848) 831 elected
representatives of German Confederation marched to St. Paul Church which was converted as
Frankfurt parliament to make all German National Assembly. They drafted a
constitution, invited King of Prussia to be the head of constitutional monarchy
but he refused.
4.
After 1848, the autocratic monarchies of
Central and Eastern Europe began to introduce some changes like abolition of
serfdom, bonded labour, censorship etc.
The
Romantic Imagination and National Feeling ( Role of culture for the growth of
Nationalism in Europe)
1. Romanticism, a cultural movement in
which art, poetry, stories and music played an important role in developing
nationalism and creating the idea of the nation.
2. German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed
that true German culture was to be discovered from folk songs, folk poetry and
folk dances. So he collected and recorded folk culture to promote nation-building.
3. Romantics of Poland emphasized on
vernacular language and the collection of folklore to recover an ancient
national spirit. National feelings were kept alive through music and language
in Poland.
4. Karol Kurpinski celebrated the national
struggle through his operas and music. He turned folk dances like the polonaise
and mazurka into nationalist symbols.
5. After Russian occupation, the Polish language
was forced out of schools and churches. Russian language was imposed everywhere.
In 1831, an armed rebellion against Russian rule took place. Following this,
Polish was used for Church gatherings, schools and all religious instructions.
Silesian
Revolt (The journalist Wilhelm Wolff described the events of Silesian Revolt)
1. In
Silesian village weaving was the most widespread occupation. The contractors
reduced the wages of weavers.
2. On 4th
June 1845 a large crowd of weavers marched in pairs up to the mansion of their contractor
demanding higher wages. But the weavers were ill treated by him.
3. Following
this, weavers broke houses, smashed windowpanes, furniture, storehouse and
plundered cloth and properties of the contractor.
4. The contractor fled with his family to neighbouring
village but villagers refused to shelter such a person.
5. After
24 hours he returned with an army. In the exchange that followed eleven weavers
were shot dead by the army.
Role of
women in nationalist struggles of Europe
1. Women had formed their own political associations (Clubs)
2. They
founded newspapers
3. They
had taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.
4 They
demanded voting right
5. They also demanded right to get
elected to National Assemblies
Unification
of Germany
1. On 18th May (1848), 831 elected
representatives of German Confederation marched to St. Paul Church which was converted as
Frankfurt parliament to make all German National Assembly. They drafted a
constitution, invited King of Prussia to be the head of the constitutional
monarchy, but he refused.
2. Prussia’s chief minister, Otto von Bismarck, was the architect of
unification process with the help of the Prussian army and bureaucracy.
3. He waged three wars over seven years – with Austria,
Denmark and France. All the wars ended in Prussian victory and completed the
process of unification.
4. In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I
was proclaimed as the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
5. The nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated
the dominance of Prussian state power. Prussian measures and practices often
became a model for the rest of Germany.
Unification
of Italy
1. Italy was divided into seven states, of which
Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. (The north was under Austrian
Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under
the domination of the Bourbon kings of Spain.)
2. During the 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini formed two
secret societies called Young Italy and young Europe and organized two
revolutions for the unification of Italy but both the attempts failed.
3. Cavour, the Chief Minister of
Sardinia-Piedmont led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. He was
neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.
4. Through a tactful diplomatic alliance with
France, Cavour defeated the Austrian forces in 1859 and captured northern
region.
5. A large number of armed volunteers under the
leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi joined with Cavour. In 1860, they marched into
the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and defeated Spanish rulers.
6. In
1861 Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of united Italy.
Unification
of Britain and its strange way for unification
1. The primary identities of the people were ethnic ones
– such as English, Welsh, Scot and Irish. All of these ethnic groups had their
own cultural and political traditions. But the English nation was wealthy and
powerful.
2. The English parliament seized power from the
monarchy in 1688 and England became instrument for unification of Britain.
3. The Act of Union (1707) was passed in English
Parliament which resulted in unification of Scotland with England.(How did England suppress Scottish culture?
England imposed its influence on
Scotland.# English members dominated the British parliament# Scotland’s
distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed #Catholics
of Scotland suffered terrible
repression, they were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language# wear their
national dress #large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland)
4. Ireland was a country deeply divided between
Catholics and Protestants. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to
establish their dominance over Catholics. Catholic revolts against British
dominance were suppressed. Ireland also suffered like Scotland. (How did England suppress Irish culture? England imposed its influence on Ireland.#
English members dominated the British parliament# Ireland’s distinctive culture
and political institutions were systematically suppressed #Catholics of Ireland suffered terrible repression, they
were forbidden to speak their Irish language# wear their national dress #large
numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland)
5. After a failed revolt led by Wolfe Tone and
his United Irishmen (1798),Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United
Kingdom in 1801.A new ‘British nation’ was forged through the propagation of a dominant
English culture.
6.
The British flag, the national
anthem, the English language – were actively promoted and Scotland and Ireland
survived only as subordinate partners in this union.
Visualizing
or personifying the Nation
1. Artists
of 18th and 19thcenturies found a way to personify a
nation as female figure. The female form that was chosen to personify the
nation did not stand for any woman in real life. This female figure became
an allegory (symbol)of the nation.
2. During the French Revolution artists used the female
allegory to portray ideas of Liberty, Justice and Republic. These
ideals were represented through specific objects or symbols.
3. The symbols of Liberty are red cap and broken chain. Justice is
generally a blind folded woman carrying a pair of weighing scales.
4. In
France female allegory was Marianne, a popular Christian name.
Statues of Marianne were erected in public places. Marianne images were marked
on coins and stamps.
5. Germania became the allegory of the
German nation. In visual representations, Germania wears a crown of oak leaves,
a sword, national flag, breastplate etc. These objects stand for heroism.
Balkans became the most serious
source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 (OR) Nationalism aligned
with imperialism led Europe to disaster in 1914
1. The Balkans was a region comprising
modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia,
Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were
broadly known as the Slavs.
2. A large part of the Balkans was under the
control of the Ottoman Empire. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism
in the Balkans and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire made this region very
explosive.
3. To define their identity and independence the
Slavs made Balkan into an area of intense conflict. The Balkan states were
fiercely jealous of each other and each hoped to gain more territory at the
expense of the others.
4. Matters were further complicated because the
big European powers ( Russia, Germany, France, Britain and Austria- Hungary)had
rivalry over trade and colonies and to hold power over the Balkans and
extending their control over the area. ( In 1914 Austria’s crown prince
and his wife were assassinated by a young revolutionary in Serbia. So Austria
declared war on Serbia. Russia, France
and Britain came to support Serbia. Germany and Ottoman Empire cam to support
Austria)
5. This led to a series of wars in the region
and finally the First World War between Allied powers and central powers.. Nationalism,
aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914.
Zollverein
1. A
customs union formed by Prussia.
2. The
union abolished tariff barriers between the states.
Assignment--1
1.
Explain the painting made by Frederic
Sorrieu’ dream on Nationalism
2.
What is Nation-state?
3.
The French revolutionaries
introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people- Explain any six points
4.
Write a short note on Marseillaise
5.
What
were the various reforms introduced by Napoleon in France?
6.
Napoleon introduced various
reforms in the territories that came under his control What are they?
7.
What were the mixed reactions of
the local populations to Napoleonic rule or French rule in the territories
ruled by Napoleon?
8.
The Habsburg Empire that ruled
over Austria-Hungary was a patchwork of many different regions and peoples-
Discuss
9.
How did nationalism and the idea
of the nation-state emerge in Europe?
10. Write a
short note on role of New Middle Class in developing Nationalism?
11. What
is Liberal Nationalism?
12. What is New
Conservatism?
13. What were
the decisions taken in Vienna according to the Treaty of Vienna of 1815?
14. What is Conservatism?
15. Explain
the role of the Revolutionaries in developing nationalism in Europe.
16. Period from1830-1848
was described as the Age of Revolutions- Why?
17. 1830s were
the years of great economic hardship in
Europe- Give reasons
18. The year 1848 is described in History as the
revolution of liberals- support the statement.
19. Explain
the role of culture for the growth of Nationalism in Europe.
20. How did the journalist Wilhelm Wolff describe
the events of Silesian Revolt?
21. What was role
of women in nationalist struggles of Europe?
22. Explain
the Unification of Germany in five points.
23. Explain
the Unification of Italy in five points.
24. Explain
the strange way of unification of Britain.
25. How did England suppress Scottish
culture?
26. How did England suppress Irish
culture?
27. How did artists visualize or personify the Nation in
18th and 19th centuries?
28. Balkans
became the most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871-
Explain the statement
29. Write a
note on Zollverein.
30. Write a
note on Civil Code of 1804.
